Effects of Surfactant Composition and Concentration on Shape, Size and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Various shapes and sizes, including spherical, cubic nanoparticles and hexagonal nanorods with the dimensions of 50-500nm, of TiO2 were prepared through hydrolysis of titanium butoxide in sol-gel method with the introduction of different surfactant composition and concentrations during preparation. Prepared TiO2 nanoparticles were studied for photocatalytic decomposition of methyl orange (MO) in fixed film batch reactors. The results showed that shape, size and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 depend not only on surfactant composition but also on surfactant concentration. Photocatalytic decomposition of MO followed the first order kinetic reaction. The analysis of reaction rate constants showed that the shape is more important than the size in determining the photocatalytic activity of shape- and size-controlled TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanorods had higher photocatalytic activities than spherical and cubic TiO2 nanoparticles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".