Fermentation characteristics of corn‐, triticale‐, and wheat‐based dried distillers' grains with solubles in barley‐based diets determined using continuous and batch culture systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are becoming increasingly available and popular as an alternative livestock feed. This study used continuous and batch culture techniques to compare the in vitro fermentation characteristics of diets containing corn-, triticale- or wheat-based DDGS at 200 g kg(-1) diet dry matter (DM) against a barley grain-based control diet. RESULTS: In continuous fermentation of wheat DDGS diet, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was decreased by 15.7% across sampling times and NH(3) concentration was quadrupled compared with control, whereas fermentations of corn- and triticale-DDGS diets were similar to the barley-based control. In batch cultures, corn DDGS differed from control only in increased culture pH. Compared with control diet, triticale DDGS yielded lower total gas production (140.94 versus 148.78 mL g(-1) DM) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 0.509 versus 0.535). Wheat DDGS diet yielded decreased total gas production (123.49 mL g(-1) DM) and IVDMD (0.468), as well as total VFA production (105.84 versus 134.20 mmol L(-1)) and substantially increased ammonia concentration (151.61 versus 58.34 mg L(-1)) and acetate:propionate ratio (2.94 versus 1.11). CONCLUSION: Corn- and triticale- DDGS diets exhibited fermentation characteristics similar to the barley based control diet, consistent with in vivo findings that these diets yielded no adverse effects on production. In vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat DDGS diet differed significantly from control in several aspects including 2.6 to 6X higher ammonia concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".