Walking with functional electrical stimulation and unlocking braces in thoracic-level paraplegia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Walking was tested in 4 people with thoracic-level paraplegia using stimulation of quadriceps muscles, the flexor reflex and unlocking knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO). Heart rate, speed, distance, kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured while subjects walked using a walker. None of the subjects could walk without the system; all could walk continuously for at least 4 minutes with it. Joint angles and some other kinematic features resembled normal walking, but the walking was too slow (average speed: 3.8 m/min.) and too demanding (heart rate: 128 b/min; physiological cost index: 15 b/m) to be practical. Subjects supported about 1/3 of their weight with their arms during stance and about 2/3 during swing. Our results suggest that the braces reduced the effort needed and that the low speeds were due to both a lack of power at push-off and the time needed to stabilize the hip and trunk. The high heart rates arose from excessive contraction of the arm and trunk muscles for balance and propulsion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".