Initiation of stem infection in western white pine by blister rust [<i>Cronartium ribicola</i>]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cronartium ribicola, the causal agent of blister rust, initiates infection of white pines by penetrating open stomata. Because resistance responses may occur in the needles, thereby preventing or delaying subsequent colonization of the branch or stem, it is important to determine when normal stem infection is initiated. In the past, this has been determined by observing orange lesions on the branch or stem. However, undetected latent infections are probably present earlier. The objective of the present study was to obtain a better estimate of when stem infection is initiated in western white pine (Pinus monticola) in British Columbia. Groups of seedlings with all inoculated foliage removed at consecutive monthly or semi-monthly intervals were observed for subsequent canker development. The group first developing cankers would determine the shortest interval for initiating stem cankers after inoculation. After 4 years of separate inoculations in September, it was determined that latent stem infections could be present as early as in May in the coastal region of British Columbia and in June in the interior region of the province. Often, stem cankers were initiated more than a month earlier than when seedlings had been classified as "cankered" by observation of discolored stems. Consequently, the putative resistance response "early needle shedding" in P. monticola seedlings would be ineffective because needle shedding would have occurred after stem infection had already been initiated. Placing, for 1-week intervals, potted P. monticola seedlings beneath Ribes nigrum plants infected with C. ribicola resulted in some infection from June through October in the interior of British Columbia. Because natural infection may occur earlier than in September, stem-canker initiation could also occur even earlier than determined from a September-only inoculation. Thus, an early-needle-shedding resistance response would be even less effective. These data are consistent with the notion that P. monticola lacks such a resistance response. Keywords: Cronartium ribicola Pinus monticola white pine blister rustinoculationresistance responseinfection
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".