Product Distribution and Implication of Hydrothermal Conversion of Swine Manure at Low Temperatures
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the goal of utilization of agricultural wastes to produce valuable products, hydrothermal conversion of swine manure at 20% solids content was performed in a 2 L batch reactor at temperatures of 240C to 280C, 10 to 120 min reaction time, and 0.7 MPa initial pressure of nitrogen gas. Basically, four types of products (i.e., oil, aqueous product, solid, and gas) were collected from hydrothermal conversion of swine manure with primary material balance. Meanwhile, the raw oil product was distilled and extracted with toluene for accurately quantifying its oil, moisture, and solids content based on ASTM Standards. Results showed that oil yields from swine manure did not vary with reaction temperature and time used in this study, whereas the solid residue, aqueous product, and gas produced from swine manure changed as the temperature and reaction time increased. The results suggested that the hydrothermal conversion of swine manure to oil was a decarboxylation process with an oil yield of 33% by weight at 240C, which was mainly attributed to the presence of other components in the swine manure, such as lipids, rather than direct hydrothermal conversion of cellulose to oil.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it