Product Distribution and Implication of Hydrothermal Conversion of Swine Manure at Low Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the goal of utilization of agricultural wastes to produce valuable products, hydrothermal conversion of swine manure at 20% solids content was performed in a 2 L batch reactor at temperatures of 240C to 280C, 10 to 120 min reaction time, and 0.7 MPa initial pressure of nitrogen gas. Basically, four types of products (i.e., oil, aqueous product, solid, and gas) were collected from hydrothermal conversion of swine manure with primary material balance. Meanwhile, the raw oil product was distilled and extracted with toluene for accurately quantifying its oil, moisture, and solids content based on ASTM Standards. Results showed that oil yields from swine manure did not vary with reaction temperature and time used in this study, whereas the solid residue, aqueous product, and gas produced from swine manure changed as the temperature and reaction time increased. The results suggested that the hydrothermal conversion of swine manure to oil was a decarboxylation process with an oil yield of 33% by weight at 240C, which was mainly attributed to the presence of other components in the swine manure, such as lipids, rather than direct hydrothermal conversion of cellulose to oil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".