Effects of social structure on reproductive activity in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The selection of alternative reproductive phenotypes is often thought to be the result of physiological state, with small individuals forced energetically to postpone the allocation of resources to reproduction. However, for male fathead minnows (<it>Pimephales promelas</it>), we show that seasonal reproductive activity is modulated by social status. In enclosure and pond experiments, small males advanced their reproductive condition, held nesting territories, and spawned earlier in the reproductive season only when large males were absent or removed from the population. Since differences in the timing of reproduction among small males were not size- or condition-dependent, the common explanation for the selection of alternative reproductive phenotypes, based on state-dependence, is insufficient. In the absence of large, socially dominant individuals, small males produced comparable numbers of offspring as the treatment with large males, although the offspring of these uninhibited small males were smaller at the end of the growing season than the young of large males. Thus, interactions among conspecifics may account for much of the phenotypic diversity observed within and among natural fathead minnow populations, through their direct and indirect effects on growth, recruitment and survival.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it