Maximizing Timothy Forage Yield and Quality by Balanced Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Fertilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 3‐yr (2005–2007) field experiment was conducted on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) loam near Star City, SK, Canada, to determine the influence of single and combined annual applications of N, P, and S fertilizers on timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) forage dry matter yield (DMY), quality [concentration of crude protein (CP), nitrate N, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total P, and total S] and N, P, and S uptake, and residual nitrate N, extractable P, and sulfate‐S in soil. The highest DMY and nutrient uptake were obtained when N and S were applied together. Concentration of CP and total P in forage increased with application of N alone, but decreased with the addition of S along with N. Concentrations of nitrate N in forage (< 0.011 g nitrate N kg −1 ) were much lower than those considered potentially toxic (>2.26 g nitrate N kg −1 ) to livestock. Concentration of ADF and NDF in forage increased with N application. Concentration of total S in forage increased with S application, but decreased with N application. Residual soil nitrate N in 0 to 60 cm depth increased with N application, but decreased when S was applied in combination with N. Residual soil extractable P in 0 to 15 cm depth increased with P fertilizer, but decreased when N and/or S were applied in combination with P. Residual soil sulfate‐S increased with S fertilization, but usually decreased when S was applied in combination with N. In conclusion, combined applications of N and S fertilizers produced maximum forage yield and nutrient uptake of timothy, and reduced accumulation of nitrate N in this soil lacking in these nutrients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".