Determining Residence Patterns of Rainbow Trout Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Analysis of Selenium in Otoliths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Toxicological studies are often hampered by concerns of fish residency in the industrial effluent being evaluated. Contaminants in muscle or visceral tissue are useful indicators of recent exposure, but depuration, metabolic transformation, and tissue recompartmentalization of contaminants makes their use as temporal markers tenuous. Otoliths are metabolically stable and can provide temporal resolution for exposure to some elements that are incorporated into their calcified structure, including the divalent cations Sr, Zn, and Mn. Here we provide the first determinations of selenium, an anion in biological systems, in the otoliths of rainbow trout captured from a site receiving runoff with elevated selenium from a coal mine operation. Concentrations of selenium in annual growth zones of otoliths suggest that fish from the mine-impacted system are recent immigrants from nearby reference streams not receiving selenium-bearing effluent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".