Increasing the foreignness of an antigen, by coupling a second and foreign antigen to it, increases the T helper type 2 component of the immune response to the first antigen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been proposed that the degree of an antigen's foreignness is important in determining the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response it generates. We test this hypothesis here and partially dissect the underlying mechanism. Immunization of C57BL/6 and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-transgenic mice, tolerant to HEL at the T-cell level, with low doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), generated a predominant T helper type 1 (Th1) response in both mouse strains. However, substantial numbers of SRBC-specific Th2 cells were generated when normal, but not HEL-transgenic, mice were immunized with a low dose of the conjugate HEL-SRBC. The generation of these anti-SRBC Th2 cells in normal mice required that HEL be coupled to SRBC, since HEL was ineffective in deviating the response to SRBC when present but coupled to another, non-cross-reacting, xenogeneic RBC. This Th2 deviation of the anti-SRBC response by HEL thus requires the operational recognition of HEL epitopes linked to SRBC. Thus increasing the foreignness of an antigen increases its ability to generate Th2 cells. Our findings, in the context of previous observations in related systems, support the proposal that more CD4(+) T-cell/CD4(+) T-cell interactions, mediated by the operational recognition of linked epitopes, are required to generate Th2 cells than Th1 cells.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".