Reforming UN sanctions in the shade of Iraq: Targeting regimes, sparing civilians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the stated target of the 19902003 United Nations (UN) sanctions policy was the errant Iraqi regime, the Iraqi civilian population ultimately bore the brunt of its effects. The devastating record of this period is analysed in terms of the role played by the governments of the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) and, as such, in terms of the UN's failure to live up to its role as a guarantor of international law. The UN, as of yet, has failed to fully audit the consequences of this era, and in this failure, has failed to consider alternative measures to sanction rogue regimes. This article surveys the over twelve-year sanction period, highlighting the fundamental defects of comprehensive sanctions programmes. In this spirit, the authors subsequently posit alternative models for future UN action and places these alternatives within the larger discussion of UN reform. Finally, the past and present UN policy towards Iraq is argued to represent a breakdown of international order, with the role of the UN vis--vis contemporary Iraq presented as particularly worrisome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".