Evaluation of Seed Persistence in Cow Cockle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cow cockle [Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) Rauschert] is an introduced summer annual weed in North America and has been investigated as a potential crop for the Canadian prairies. Seed persistence contributes to volunteers in subsequent crops; therefore, it is undesirable in this prospective crop. To determine whether cow cockle is persistent and forms a seed bank, two comparative experiments (field and laboratory) were conducted from 2008 through 2011. In the field, seedling recruitment and residual seed bank were measured for a cultivated and a weedy cow cockle population under spring and zero‐tillage systems. In the lab, seeds of 15 populations were rapidly aged at elevated temperature and relative humidity (45°C and 60% RH). The time taken in aging days for viability to fall to 50% (p50) was used to determine relative seed longevity. In the field study, the weedy population had higher seedling emergence and a larger residual seed bank in most locations. Populations did not differ in the size of the seed bank under spring tillage, whereas a larger soil seed bank of weedy population was observed in no‐till treatments. In the lab, the populations showed considerable differences in seed longevity. Although the cultivated population showed less seed persistence compared to the weedy population, both field and laboratory studies suggested that a considerable amount of seed of the cultivated population persists in the soil even after 3 yr; and this may pose some concerns for the production of cow cockle as a crop in the Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".