Effect of annealing on the structural and optical properties of heavily carbon-doped ZnO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ZnO films grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) at low temperatures (~500 °C) exhibit very high levels of carbon incorporation in the range of up to several percent. Such large levels of carbon incorporation significantly affect the structural properties of the thin films resulting in broadening of symmetric (0 0 2) rocking curves as well as broadened (1 0 1) pole figures compared with films grown at high temperature. Annealing of the films under air ambient at temperatures between 800 and 1100 °C results in dramatic sharpening of symmetric (0 0 2) rocking curves, indicating improved crystal alignment along the c-axes. (1 0 1) pole figure scans also show significant sharpening in the azimuthal axis, indicating similar improvements in the in-plane crystal alignment perpendicular to the c-axis. Raman spectra for as-grown ZnO at 500 °C show strong D and G peaks at 1381 and 1578 cm−1 due to sp2 carbon clusters. Annealing at 1000 °C results in the elimination of these bands, indicating that post-growth annealing treatment is a useful method to reduce the concentration of sp2 carbon clusters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".