In Situ Investigation of Liquefiable Gravels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of dynamic in situ penetration tests was performed in deep alluvial gravel deposits at Seward, Alaska, that were shaken and apparently liquefied by the March 27, 1964, Alaska earthquake. Both a U.S. standard penetration test split spoon and a larger-diameter drive sampler were used, and dynamic cone penetrometers of two sizes were also driven into the gravels near the mouth of the Resurrection River that had exhibited settlement and lateral spreading as a result of earthquake shaking. Two safety hammers were used [nominally 623 N (140 lb) and 1334 N (300 lb)], and the energy delivered with various hammer and penetrometer combinations was measured throughout all tests. Limited measurements of hammer velocity were also made by a radar system developed for that purpose to allow for kinetic energy determination. Soils recovered in the split spoon samplers were sent to the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Soils Research Facility in Vicksburg, Mississippi, where they were evaluated for classification (gradation and index properties). The sampling and testing procedures used at the Seward site, as well as preliminary analysis of the various penetration test results, are summarized. Comparisons are made with penetration resistance measurements made by the Alaska Highway Department immediately after the 1964 earthquake. Results of this investigation will be adapted to guide future practice for in situ determination of liquefaction resistance in coarse alluvial soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".