Discriminating Lamprey Species Using Multilocus Microsatellite Genotypes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Efforts to manage the invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Great Lakes have greatly reduced the species' abundance and distribution. The methods employed have also affected the abundance and distribution of species that are native to the Great Lakes basin, including the American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix (also known as Lethenteron appendix), the northern brook lamprey Ichthyomyzon fossor, and the silver lamprey I. unicuspis. Discrimination among the four species based on the phenotypic characteristics of larvae is difficult, making accurate assessments of their abundance, recruitment, and distribution within streams problematic. Given growing interest in the conservation of native species and the effects of sea lamprey controls, an alternative method of identification is warranted. Owing to species-specific fixed differences in alleles, microsatellite loci were extremely useful in discriminating lamprey species. Samples of each species were analyzed with respect to seven microsatellite loci. Based on the genetic differences among individuals, we were able to separate samples of each species by genus. In addition, brook and silver lampreys could be identified to species with high probability. Assignment tests of Ichthyomyzon species revealed a confidence of assignment of at least 0.95 for 96.4% of all individuals. Using a single locus, we examined larvae of a single cohort when larval size was consistent with age-0 (n = 449) and age-1 (n = 1,203) status across five Lake Superior streams. When genotyped using a discriminating locus, it was found that 57.9% of those that were age 0 and 16.8% of those that were age 1 were incorrectly identified based on phenotype. Within one stream, we observed significant differences in the distributions of native and sea lamprey larvae across upstream, middle, and downstream regions, suggesting that there are species differences in spawning sites and focal areas of larval recruitment. Molecular methods will prove to be a useful tool in assessing native species' abundance and distribution and can direct management to the application of alternative control methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".