A 'War on Pollution'?: Canadian Responses to the Automotive Emissions Problem, 1970–80
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Au début des années 1970, la pollution atmosphérique causée par l'automobile atteint en Amérique du Nord un niveau tel que les citoyens ordinaires, les environnementalistes et les gouvernements réclament la réglementation des émissions polluantes. Même si l'industrie automobile canadienne fait partie d'un ensemble intégré à l'échelle continentale, le Canada met en place ses propres normes, lesquelles sont sensiblement moins sévères que les normes des tats-Unis. On invoque, pour les justifier, des contraintes économiques, des différences nationales et des préoccupations quant à la consommation de carburant. Dans ce premier grand test de l'intégration continentale et de la réglementation environnementale de l'après-guerre, on n'observe aucun nivellement par le bas de la réglementation, ni perte de souveraineté, contrairement à ce qui doit se produire, selon les adversaires des accords de libre-échange, lorsque la continentalisation et l'harmonisation sont enclenchées. Les Canadiens ont simplement exercé leur droit souverain de permettre à leurs automobiles de rejeter trois fois, cinq fois, voire sept fois plus de polluants que les voitures américaines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".