Pathways of river water to the surface layers of stratified reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study uses tracer experiments to characterize the fate of a cold plunging river into a Mediterranean reservoir under different stratification conditions. Three tracer experiments in Lake Béznar, Spain, demonstrate that a significant fraction of the inflow may be quickly entrained into the surface mixed layer (SML), rather than flowing to lower depths. We observe that a fraction (and possibly all) of river inflow entrains into the SML when the density current forms intrusions at the top of the metalimnetic layer. Intrusions near the base of the SML form due to lighter interfacial fluid at the top of the density current, with intermediate properties between river—reservior water when there is sufficient dilution of the cold inflow, and abrupt density changes at the base of the SML. Consequently, a layer of fluid splits from the denser part of the current and intrudes just below the SML, while any remaining fluid flows to lower depths. We parameterize this splitting behavior in terms of the transition Richardson number, Ri12 = Γ × (ρ2 − ρ1)/(ρ0 − ρ1), where ρ0, ρ1, and ρ2 are densities of the inflow, the SML, and the metalimnetic layer underneath, respectively; and Γ is the total dilution through the plunge zone and subsequent entrainment. Splitting occurs when Ri12 ≥ 1, consistent with previous laboratory experiments. We use this theory to predict the seasonal fate of river water during the stratification of Lake Béznar and identify the conditions that favor the formation of intrusions near the base of the SML.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".