Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unsafe abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Africa. In international human rights law, there are two possible approaches to tackling the problem of unsafe abortion. One is to advocate the right of privacy, which means states must refrain from interfering in women's abortion decisions; the other is to advocate the right to life of women, which stresses the duty of states to take affirmative measures to minimise the consequences of unsafe abortion. African societies are communal and duty is the central element in them. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights reflects communal values by stressing the duty of individuals to help their communities. Unlike other human rights documents, it does not have a right of privacy provision. This paper focuses mainly on the right to life and discusses the interpretation of this right for women, as applied to unsafe abortion, under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Advocating states' duties in ensuring women's right to life, to minimise the consequences of unsafe abortion, is more consistent with duty-based African communal values than the right of privacy.RésuméL'avortement non médicalisé est l'une des principales causes de mortalité maternelle en Afrique. Dans le droit international humanitaire, deux approches sont possibles pour aborder le problème. L'une est de promouvoir le droit à la vie privée: les Etats doivent s'abstenir d'intervenir dans les décisions des femmes en matière d'avortement. La deuxième est de soutenir le droit des femmes à la vie: les Etats ont le devoir de prendre des mesures pour minimiser les conséquences des avortements non encadrés. Les sociétés africaines sont communautaires et le devoir en est l'élément central. La Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples reflète les valeurs communautaires en soulignant le devoir des individus d'aider leur communauté. Contrairement à d'autres instruments des droits de l'homme, elle ne contient pas de clause sur le droit à la vie privée. Cet article porte sur le droit à la vie et étudie l'interprétation de ce droit pour les femmes appliqué à l'avortement non encadré, en vertu du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques. Promouvoir le devoir des Etats d'assurer le droit des femmes à la vie, pour minimiser les conséquences des avortements non encadrés, convient mieux aux valeurs communautaires africaines, fondées sur le devoir, que le droit à la vie privée.ResumenEl aborto inseguro es una de las causas principales de la mortalidad materna en Africa. La ley internacional de derechos humanos provee dos vı́as posibles para abordar el problema del aborto inseguro. Una de ellas es defender el derecho a la privacidad, lo que significa que los estados deben dejar de entrometerse en las decisiones de las mujeres tocantes al aborto; la otra es defender el derecho a la vida de la mujer, el cual pone hincapié en el deber de los estados de tomar medidas afirmativas para atenuar las consecuencias del aborto inseguro. Las sociedades africanas son comunales y el deber es un elemento central en ellas. La Carta Africana de los Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos refleja los valores comunales al subrayar el deber de los individuos de ayudar a sus comunidades. A diferencia de otros documentos de derechos humanos, no contiene ninguna provisión para el derecho a la privacidad. Este artı́culo está enfocado en el derecho a la vida y analiza su interpretación como un derecho de la mujer, aplicado al aborto inseguro, bajo el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Polı́ticos. Promover el deber del estado de asegurar el derecho a la vida de la mujer para reducir las consecuencias del aborto inseguro es más consecuente con los valores comunales africanos basados en el deber que lo es promover el derecho a la privacidad.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".