Heat Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus and a Norovirus Surrogate in Soft-Shell Clams <i>(Mya arenaria)</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effectiveness of different thermal treatments for inactivating two viruses in clams was evaluated. Soft-shell clam digestive glands experimentally contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or murine norovirus (MNV) were heated for 90, 180, or 300 seconds at 85°C or 90°C in glass vials or plastic bags with 200 g of soft-shell clam meat. Inactivation was measured by plaque assay and real-time reverse-transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction assay. Measured inactivation was similar using both assays. The 90°C for 90 seconds treatment reduced MNV-1 titer by 3.33 log cycles and HAV by 2.66 log cycles. At 90°C for 180 seconds, both MNV-1 and HAV were completely inactivated (titer reduced by 5.47 log cycles) in glass vials. In the presence of clam meat as well, HAV inactivation was complete at 90°C for 180 seconds. In general, HAV was more resistant to heat treatment than MNV-1, suggesting that it would require a more severe treatment than human norovirus for inactivation in soft-shell clams. The results of the present study should contribute to the development of strategies for controlling the spread of enteric viral illness via shellfish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".