Two-Color Near-Field Fluorescence Microscopy Studies of Microdomains (“Rafts”) in Model Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution of glycolipid GM1 in supported phospholipid monolayers of a ternary lipid mixture has been studied by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Monolayers of equimolar amounts of sphingomyelin, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol show clear phase separation to give large condensed domains surrounded by a fluid phase, as visualized by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and addition of a Texas Red labeled lipid that localizes preferentially in the fluid phase. A combination of AFM and one- and two-color NSOM experiments indicates that addition of GM1-Bodipy results in small glycolipid domains within the fluid phase. This is in contrast to previous results demonstrating that GM1 is localized in the condensed phase for similar lipid mixtures and is attributed to dye-induced changes in the distribution of the glycolipid. However, NSOM experiments for GM1-containing monolayers doped with low loadings of GM1-Bodipy resulted in the observation of small fluorescent microdomains within the condensed phase. The high spatial resolution of NSOM allows the detection of small domains that have not been observed previously by fluorescence and demonstrates that similar, although not identical, distributions of glycolipid are detected by AFM and fluorescence. The relevance of these results to rafts in natural membranes is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".