Bibliographic record
Abstract
The licensure of new vaccines in 2001 in Canada means that pneumococcal and group C meningococcal infections can be added to the list of vaccine-preventable diseases. The successful control of these two diseases will require all provincial and territorial governments in Canada to add the new vaccines to their routine immunization programs. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial infections in children. During the past 50 years, approximately 500,000 cases of pneumococcal disease and 200 to 400 cases of meningococcal disease have occurred annually in Canada. Although all age groups are affected, the peak for both bacteria incidence is in infants younger than two years of age. The new vaccines consist of either seven pneumococcal polysaccharides or the group C meningococcal polysaccharide covalently bound to a carrier protein. Both vaccines are very safe. Local reactions occur in 10% to 20% of recipients, but are mild and last only one to two days. Fever, irritability and other general adverse events are not increased in frequency or severity by giving either of these conjugate vaccines at the same time as diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis or diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. The pneumococcal and meningococcal conjugate vaccines are highly immunogenic at all ages, including infancy. More importantly, the vaccines also induce immune memory so that protection is expected to last many years, if not for life. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is 97% effective in preventing bacteremia and meningitis. The meningococcal conjugate vaccine is also very effective. Within nine months of starting routine vaccination in England and Wales, the frequency of group C disease decreased by 97% in vaccinated adolescents and by 92% in infants and toddlers. The lack of an effective vaccine against group B meningococci is an important defect in the control of meningococcal disease. When an effective vaccine is developed against group B strains, bacterial meningitis in children may join diphtheria, tetanus, H influenzae type b and polio as diseases of the past. Sometimes parents, physicians and the general public forget or take for granted how far paediatric medicine has come, particularly in areas such as childhood immunization and infectious diseases. Canadians need to remember the legacy of the gifts of health and longevity given to us by previous generations of physicians and scientists. This column will recognize these accomplishments and, hopefully, will remind us of our good fortune. As physicians who care for Canadian children, we are very grateful for the many medical achievements of the past. That is why the editorial board members of Paediatrics & Child Health have launched the column, “Lessons Learned”, to recognize these accomplishments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".