Colloidal Properties of Bio-oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark. Characterization of Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Fractions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crude bio-oils obtained via the pyrolysis of bark residues are dark, viscous, and sticky materials that visually appear similar to homogeneous liquids. However, microscopic tests revealed the presence of tridimensional compounds (agglomerates) and solid particles that are dispersed in the continuous bio-oil medium. These materials are responsible for the increase in bio-oil viscosity, the non-Newtonian flow behavior, the poor combustion properties, the corrosiveness, and the increase in the plugging frequency of the nozzles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, and rheology have been used to evaluate the colloidal properties of the bio-oils. The generic composition of the bio-oil, obtained by extracting water-insoluble materials (i.e., the lignin-derivative compounds), has been determined. The extraction produced a yield of lignin-derivative compounds of 29 wt %. The chemical composition of the water-soluble materials, as well as the molecular weight distribution of the water-insoluble components, has also been determined.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it