Mouse Glucose Transporter 9 Splice Variants Are Expressed in Adult Liver and Kidney and Are Up-Regulated in Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel glucose transporter (GLUT), mouse GLUT9 (mGLUT9), was recently cloned from mouse 7-d embryonic cDNA. Several splice variants of mGLUT9 were described, two of which were cloned (mGLUT9a and mGLUT9a Delta 209-316). This study describes the cloning and characterization of another splice variant, mGLUT9b. Cloned from adult liver, mGLUT9b is identical to mGLUT9a except at the amino terminus. Based on analysis of the genomic structure, the different amino termini result from alternative transcriptional/translational start sites. Expression and localization of these two mGLUT9 splice variants were examined in control and diabetic adult mouse tissues and in cell lines. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated expression of mGLUT9a in several tissues whereas mGLUT9b was observed primarily in liver and kidney. Using a mGLUT9-specific antibody, Western blot analysis of total membrane fractions from liver and kidney detected a single, wide band, migrating at approximately 55 kDa. This band shifted to a lower molecular mass when deglycosylated with peptide-N-glycosidase F. Both forms were present in liver and kidney. Immunohistochemical localization demonstrated basolateral distribution of mGLUT9 in liver hepatocytes and the expression of mGLUT9 in specific tubules in the outer cortex of the kidney. To investigate the alternative amino termini, mGLUT9a and mGLUT9b were overexpressed in kidney epithelium cell lines. Subcellular fractions localized both forms to the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescent staining of polarized Madin Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing mGLUT9 depicted a basolateral distribution for both splice variants. Finally, mGLUT9 protein expression was significantly increased in the kidney and liver from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".