Considering Change: International Regulation of the Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Lake Ontario — St. Lawrence River system is influenced by a dam spanning the St. Lawrence River between Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York. The dam was built and subsequently operated in accordance with a 1952 Order of Approval, amended in 1956, issued by the International Joint Commission, a binational U.S.-Canada organization created by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. In establishing the current operating regime, the existing Order of Approval considered uses of water for domestic and sanitary purposes, for navigation, and for hydropower. It also provided benefits for upstream shoreline property owners through reduced lake level fluctuations while providing protection for downstream property owners through provisions for considering water level and flow conditions that would have existed had the structure not been built. The International Joint Commission is considering whether or not to change the operating regime for the Lake Ontario — St. Lawrence River system, including the Order of Approval, to address such things as recreational boating interests and environmental issues and to take into account knowledge gained over the past 50 years and technological advances. This paper describes the Commission's decision process, from the establishment of a Study Board and Public Interest Advisory Group to conduct a five-year binational study, to consideration of independent review, obtaining public input, consulting with the U.S. and Canadian governments, leading to a Commission decision.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".