Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ian S. E. Carmichael, who had a highly imaginative research career and was legendary for his successful mentoring of graduate students, died in Berkeley, Calif., on 26 August 2011. Ian applied thermodynamic theory, experiment, and the ground truth of fieldwork to the study of magmatic rocks. Throughout the arc of his career, he played a critical role in transforming igneous petrology from a discipline that was largely descriptive to one that is rigorously quantitative. Ian was born in London on 29 March 1930 and was educated at Westminster School. He spent 2 years in the British Army (as a parachutist and a second lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers), where he saw service in Egypt, Palestine, and Sudan. He obtained his B.A. and M.A. in geology at Cambridge University in 1954 and then traveled to Canada, where he prospected for copper and wintered in the Arctic. Ian returned to England and obtained his Ph.D. in 1958 at Imperial College London. His thesis, on Thingmuli volcano in eastern Iceland, addressed one of the most contentious issues in Earth science at the time (before the days of isotope geochemistry and plate tectonics), namely, the origin of silicic magma from basalt in the absence of preexisting continental crust. The problem went to the heart of crustal evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".