Consumption of Xenoestrogen-Contaminated Fish during Lactation Alters Adult Male Reproductive Function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little information exists on the transfer of endocrine-disrupting effects through the food chain. The transfer of chemicals, particularly from the aquatic ecosystem, that can cause such effects on fish-eating predators must be established. Fish from the St. Lawrence River are exposed to xenoestrogens causing male reproductive dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine if lactational exposure to contaminated fish could alter the development of the male reproductive system in rats. Three experimental groups were used: rats (dams) gavaged with (a) distilled water (control), or (b) homogenized fish from a reference site (Iles de la Paix) or (c) homogenized fish from a xenoestrogen-contaminated site (Ilet Vert). Pups were exposed via lactation and sampled on either day 21 (weaning) or day 91 (adults). There was no effect on the body weights or in the male reproductive organ weights between groups except for adult epididymal weight, which was significantly decreased in the xenoestrogen group. Adult sperm concentrations and sperm motility parameters were all significantly decreased in the xeonestrogen group as compared to the reference and control groups. Furthermore, the distribution of stages of spermatogenesis was altered in the xenoestrogen group, indicating an effect on the kinetics of spermatogenesis. Immunoreactivity of connexin43 (Cx43), a gap-junctional protein, was markedly decreased in the seminiferous epithelium of the xenoestrogen group, suggesting that the intercellular coordination of testicular function may be affected. These data indicate that contaminants from xenoestrogen environments may pass through the food chain and exert effects on male reproductive functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".