Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from regional hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), first reported in a British hospital in the early 1960s, has now reached global proportions. Geographic spread of one or several MRSA clones in a city, country, and even among countries and continents has been identified by molecular techniques. We sought to determine whether clonal spread of MRSA has occurred in Trinidad and Tobago from all MRSA isolates collected between 2000 and 2001. METHODS: Clinical isolates of MRSA from three major hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago were identified by standard laboratory methods and analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI digestion. RESULTS: There was a 12.8% prevalence of MRSA in three major regional hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago. All 60 randomly selected MRSA strains from these hospitals produced similar PFGE banding patterns, suggesting a genetic relatedness among strains and that they belonged to a single clonal family. All isolates were negative for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl). These strains shared a PFGE banding pattern approximately (96%) the same as a Canadian strain called CMRSA-6 in the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory database. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that only one major PFGE genotype of MRSA clone is circulating among the three major regional hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago suggesting one of three possible scenarios of microevolution: (1) all were from the dissemination of a single epidemic MRSA clone prevailing in these hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago; or (2) MRSA in Trinidad and Tobago is evolving more slowly than in other countries; or (3) that if other MRSA clones have been present in Trinidad and Tobago, they have not persisted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".