Thermodynamic and aggregation properties of aza- and imino-substituted gemini surfactants designed for gene delivery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of gene delivery by using non-viral vectors is currently an area of considerable research interest. Novel derivatives of gemini surfactants having aza- (12-5N-12, 12-7N-12, 12-8N-12) and imino- (12-7NH-12) substituted spacer groups and C12 tails have been designed to improve DNA transfection. Physicochemical characterization of micelle and interfacial properties of these cationic compounds are reported. The effect of these substitutions on the aggregation properties of the gemini surfactants is discussed in the context of results for the 12-s-12 and 12-EOx-12 gemini series, previously reported in the literature. Aza substitution results in a spacer of intermediate hydrophobicity to the above series, reflected by the magnitude of both the critical micelle concentrations and head group areas. Enthalpy and apparent molar volume of micellization data illustrate the differences in the aggregation properties that result from the bulkier and more hydrophobic aza-substituent in the spacer as compared to an ether oxygen (for the 12-EOx-12 series) containing spacer. The 12-7N-12 and 12-8N-12 compounds show aberrant features in the surface tension and enthalpy of dilution results that are not observed for the 12-5N-12 and 12-7NH-12 compounds. Premicelle association is considered to be a source of this behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".