Solubility of the diarrheic shellfish toxin okadaic acid in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The solubility of okadaic acid (OA) in supercritical CO 2 was measured using a flow‐type apparatus with sequential sampling during dynamic nonrecirculating experiments at saturation conditions. Methanol and water were used as solvent modifiers of CO 2 . Collected OA was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection after derivatization with 1‐bromoacetylpyrene to obtain the labeled ester of the toxin. Solubility results were obtained with methanol concentrations ranging from 0 to 8.5% volume in the CO 2 density range of 0.495 to 0.913 g/mL at 40, 60, and 73°C. Measured solubility of OA ranged from 0 to 15×10 −6 mol/L, increasing with methanol concentration and fluid density and diminishing with temperature. Experiments with water‐modified CO 2 up to 0.3% volume (near saturation) were done at 60°C; solubilities of OA up to 5×10 −6 mol/L were measured. This is the first approach to handle the liposoluble diarrheic shellfish toxins with supercritical CO 2 . The study, with pure OA, provides useful information regarding the effects of pressure, temperature, and addition of modifiers on its solubility. Obtained results show that the toxin can be solubilized in this media and potential applications are suggested and being currently investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".