Nephrotoxicity of High- and Low-Osmolality Contrast Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity of radio-opaque contrast media (CM) is generally believed to involve toxic injury of proximal tubular cells. Measurement of urinary tubular enzyme excretion has been advocated as a sensitive marker of such toxic injury. It has been claimed that the new low-osmolality or nonionic CM reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity but this remains uncertain. We studied 23 patients with normal renal function undergoing coronary angiography; patients were randomized into three groups receiving either diatrizoate (1,800 mmol/kg H2O), ioxaglate (600 mmol/kg H2O) or iohexol (850 mmol/kg H2O). Urinary excretion of a panel of enzymes increased significantly in all groups by 20 h (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.005). Alanine aminopeptidase excretion at 20 h was greater after the administration of high osmolality ionic CM than with the others but all three CM produced a similar pattern of enzyme excretion. No significant change in glomerular filtration rate was found in any group so the significance of the enzymuria remains uncertain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".