Bibliographic record
Abstract
The integration of electric and diesel traction into a single rail vehicle is technically challenging because of weight and space restrictions, particularly for AC catenary power. Through the combination of recent developments in power converter technology, diesel engine design, and mechanical lightweight structures, dual-mode locomotives are now feasible for railroad applications. Apart from the different modes of traction, such locomotives must also fulfill the latest vehicle standards in regard to safety, environmental impact, and interoperability. A key component is the DC link of the traction converter, which interfaces to electric and diesel power supply systems. In addition, batteries, supercaps, or both can be interfaced to this DC link. All electric power flow is bidirectional and thus permits many possibilities for energy savings and reductions in exhaust emissions. The performance of a dual-mode locomotive is greatly enhanced by the latest high-speed diesel engines developed for off-road and industrial applications. Not only do the engines provide high diesel power at low weight, but they also meet the new Tier 3 and upcoming Tier 4 exhaust emission standards. For maximum vehicle performance in both modes, the car body and truck must be lightweight. A monocoque car body and fabricated truck are the obvious solutions, as used on the dual-powered ALP-45DP and the European TRAXX AC3, which is an electric locomotive with a diesel engine for operation on nonelectrified sidings and terminals. The above technologies also lend themselves to new diesel–electric locomotives, by yielding a high vehicle performance at low axle loads, as required for passenger services at 125 mph.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".