Ground Motions Underground Compared to Those on the Surface: A Case Study from Sudbury, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We compare signals recorded on hard-rock seismographic stations in Sudbury, Ontario, to those recorded in caverns below the surface stations, in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. Signals from shallow local events show strong apparent amplification of ground motion observed on the surface relative to those recorded at depths of 1.4–2.1 km; the amplification peaks near 2.1 Hz, where it is on average a factor of 3 to 5. The peak narrows, decreases in amplitude, and shifts toward lower frequencies (0.8–1 Hz) for regional and teleseismic events. The peak in apparent amplification for the local events is attributed to a strong Rg phase from shallow events at close distances. The frequency shift and decay of the amplitude of this peak for more distant events reflects the rapidly-diminishing influence of the higher-frequency components of this phase with distance, coupled with the increasing importance of shear-wave phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".