Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: To identify sex differences in risk factors, presenting symptoms and outcomes of young patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We adopted a comprehensive approach and performed two parallel studies: (1) using provincial administrative databases from Quebec, Canada from 2000 to 2007, we identified baseline characteristics and post-acute myocardial infarction survival of patients aged < 50 years (n = 10,619); (2) to overcome the lack of clinical data in the administrative databases, a medical chart review was performed on 215 patients < 50 years of age with an acute myocardial infarction between April 2000 and August 2006 from our institution. RESULTS: Administrative cohort: fewer women than men sought medical attention for retrosternal chest pain 1-month pre-acute myocardial infarction (P = 0.035). Diabetes and hypertension were more prevalent in women, and patients equally received interventional procedures post-infarction. Diabetes significantly reduced post-infarction survival in men and women [HR = 2.02 (95% CI 1.21-3.36) and HR = 2.25 (95% CI 1.06-4.80), respectively]. However, young women had greater post-infarction mortality in-hospital and up to 1 year after discharge (4.23% vs. 2.21%, respectively; P = 0.005). Medical chart review: diabetes and hypertension were more prevalent in women, while men were more obese. There were no significant sex differences in typical presenting symptoms, or in interventional procedures post-infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Young men and women with acute myocardial infarctions equally presented with retrosternal chest pain, although fewer women sought medical attention for retrosternal chest pain before admission. Diabetes and hypertension were more prevalent in young women, and mortality was higher in young female patients. Our results highlight the continued need for diabetes prevention and control in young patients, especially women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".