Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Ethylene and Acrylates Catalytic Copolymerization in Solution and in Emulsion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ethylene was copolymerized with acrylates in solution and in emulsion using sulfonated arylphosphine Pd-based catalysts. The copolymerization of C 2 H 4 and methyl acrylate in toluene was slowed by the σ-coordination of the acrylate on Pd. The substitution of pyridine by itself was shown to proceed via an associative mechanism with activation parameters Δ H ‡ = 16.8 kJ/mol and Δ S ‡ = −98 J mol −1 K −1 whereas the activation parameters for the substitution of pyridine by methyl acrylate were found to be Δ H ‡ = 18.1 kJ/mol and Δ S ‡ = −87 J mol −1 K −1 . Using these Pd-based catalysts in an emulsion polymerization process, latexes of copolymers of ethylene with various acrylates having particle diameters ∼200 nm were obtained for the first time. Their solid contents did not exceed 5% because of the low activity of the catalyst resulting from the coordination of water and from the slow decomposition of the active site by water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".