Desquamatia and related atrypid brachiopods from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Bergisches Land, GermanyThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme <i>The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic</i>. <i>This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper</i>.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tropical shallow-water deposits of the Refrath Formation (topmost Lower to lower part of Middle Frasnian) of the Bergisch Gladbach area (Rhenish Massif, Germany) yielded diverse, well-preserved shelly faunas. New collections show that there are in total over 30 brachiopod species, of which the Atrypida, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, and Athyridida orders are the most dominant groups. Serial transverse sections show that Pseudoatrypa schroeteri possesses small dental cavities, and their spiralia have a whorl number ranging from 12–13 in ca. 29–30 mm wide specimens to 15–16 in ca. 32–33 mm wide specimens. Desquamatia (Seratrypa) pectinata has slightly more numerous spiralial whorls, from 14–15 in ca. 27 mm wide specimens to 18 in ca. 35 mm wide specimens. A new species, Desquamatia (Seratrypa) refrathensis , is described based on material from the Refrath Formation in Refrath, near Köln (Cologne), east of the Rhine River, Germany. It includes finely ribbed, longer than wide, moderate- to large-sized shells of Desquamatia , which possess tiny dental cavities to nuclei and 20–21 spiralial whorls in ca. 30 mm wide and long specimens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".