Osteoprotegerin, Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 and Bone Changes in Prepubertal Males With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: In this study we aimed to evaluate osteoprotegerin (OPG) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) serum levels in prepubertal T1DM male children and their relation to bone density. Methods: Study included Thirty-five prepubertal T1DM male patients (mean age of 11.20± 2.10 years). Patients were assessed for serum levels of OPG, IGF-1, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), parathormone hormone (PTH), and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D). Bone quality was determined by measuring bone broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) at calcaneous. The data were compared with those of 28 age (mean age of 10.90 ± 2.30) and body-size matched healthy boys representing a control group. Results: Both serum levels of OPG and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in T1DM patients than in controls (p < 0.0001) while both IGF-1 serum levels and Z-score BUA were significantly lower in patients than in controls (p < 0.001 and < 0.0001 respectively). OPG showed moderate positive correlation with HbA1c (%) (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001) and strong negative correlation between OPG and IGF-1 (r = -0.78, p < 0.001). While there was fair negative correlation IGF-1 and HbA1c (r = -0.47, p < 0.01). Z-score BUA moderate negative correlation with OPG (r = -0.72, p < 0.01), and correlation was moderately positive with IGF-1 (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) while showed fair negative correlation with HbA1c (r = -0.48, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Patients with T1DM are at risk to have lower bone mass, which may be attributed to increased OPG serum levels mediated by low IGF-1 production. All these factors showed association to poor glycemic control. doi:10.4021/ ijcp25w
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".