Characterization of<i>Phytophthora infestans</i>population diversity in Canada reveals increased migration and genotype recombination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potatoes and tomatoes that causes significant crop losses worldwide.Late blight diversity has been increasing since 2009 in many areas of Canada on both potatoes and tomatoes.Although the US-8 genotype of P. infestans has dominated pathogen populations in much of Canada for the past 15 years, novel genotypes have emerged in recent years.A comprehensive survey of late blight samples collected across Canada in 2011 indicated that although the US-8 genotype of P. infestans still dominated pathogen populations in Prince Edward Island, new US-23 and US-24 genotypes had become established in other parts of Canada.The US-11 and US-22 genotypes dominated populations of the pathogen from specific areas of Alberta and Ontario, respectively.Clonal propagation and migration contributed to long-distance transport of P. infestans genotypes and in some situations, both A1 and A2 mating types of the pathogen were found in the same production region.This finding is of concern because it increases the potential for sexual recombination within pathogen populations, leading to the production of oospores that can survive in the absence of host tissue and create new strains of P. infestans.Evidence for recombination in the P. infestans population was detected in Ontario on tomato.Segregation of Gpi allozymes and mating type appeared to occur independently of the RG57 loci, producing several new P. infestans genotypes.Prediction and management of late blight will need to be evaluated and modified to accommodate these new potentially aggressive P. infestans genotypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".