Temporal Synchrony Deficits in Amblyopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Amblyopia is a developmental abnormality of visual cortex characterized by spatial processing deficits. Recently, it has been suggested that temporal processing also is affected. We investigated temporal sensitivity by measuring temporal synchrony sensitivity. METHODS: In Experiment 1, we used a contrast detection task to compare the detection of a flickering 3 Hz Gaussian blob to that of synchrony discrimination for a 180° phase shift. In Experiment 2, we measured synchrony thresholds directly by assessing the minimum degree of asynchrony that allowed subjects to discriminate which of 4 high-contrast Gaussian blobs was flickering asynchronously in time (synchrony thresholds). Three temporal frequencies (1, 2, and 3 Hz) and two element separations (1.25° and 5°) were compared. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, we found that the amblyopes (mean age 19.90 ± 8.59 years, range 11-48 years) exhibited a synchrony deficit only for the 1.25 degrees element separation in the amblyopic eye. In Experiment 2, we also found that the sensitivity for nonstrabismic (pure anismetropia) amblyopes (mean age 15.70 ± 4.00 years, range 12-23 years) was reduced for all three temporal frequencies, whereas for strabismic (strabismus and anisometropia) amblyopes (mean age 24.10 ± 10.03 years, range 11-48 years) it was reduced at 3 Hz only, possibly suggesting a different extent of impairment in temporal synchrony for different types of amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that amblyopes have a foveal low-level temporal processing deficit that could explain the previously reported deficit for figure-ground discrimination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".