Use of Short-Chain Amine in Processing of Weathered/Oxidized Oil Sands Ores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, short-chain amines were tested for improving bitumen recovery from weathered/oxidized oil sands ores. Three different amines, n -propylamine, n -butylamine, and n -pentylamine, were used. The emphasis of this study was to improve air bubble−bitumen attachment, measured by an induction timer. Amine addition was found to significantly decrease the induction time of the air bubble attaching to bitumen, reaching a minimum value at pH 9. Among the tested amines, the shortest induction time was obtained with n -butylamine addition. Adsorption of n -butylamine on bitumen was confirmed by ζ-potential measurements. Finally, Denver cell bitumen flotation tests confirmed the results obtained from the induction time measurements. n -Butylamine is shown to be a good chemical aid to improve the extraction of bitumen from weathered/oxidized oil sands ores. Plant process water having 10 mM n -butylamine increased bitumen recovery by more than 20% for two weathered/oxidized oil sands ore samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".