Production and Characterization of Bio-Chars and Bio-Oils Formed by Pyrolysis of Persian Hogweed (Heracleum persicum Desf.) in A Fixed-Bed Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pyrolysis of Persian Hogweed (Heracleum persicum Desf.) stalks were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (K2CO3, ZnCl2) and without catalyst at three different temperatures (400, 500 and 600 oC) with a constant heating rate of 50 oC/min. and with a constant sweeping gas (N2) flow rate of 100 cm3/min. The amounts of bio-char, bio-oil and gas produced were calculated and the compositions of the obtained bio-oils were characterized by GC-MS. The effects of pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and catalyst on the product yields were investigated. According to the results, both temperature and catalyst had significant effects on the conversion of Heracleum persicum Desf. into bio-chars, bio-oils and gaseous products. The highest bio-oil yield of 41.42% by weight including aqeous phase was achieved with 10% potassium carbonate catalyst at 500 oC. 71 different compounds were identified by GC-MS in the bio-oils obtained at 500 oC.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".