PRESENCE OF SALMON INCREASES PASSERINE DENSITY ON PACIFIC NORTHWEST STREAMS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The annual migration of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) to freshwater streams and lakes provides an important nutrient subsidy to terrestrial systems in North America. We investigated the effects of salmon and other habitat variables on abundance of Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Poecile rufescens) on the central coast of British Columbia. In our comparisons of salmon-bearing and non-salmon-bearing reaches of two rivers that had waterfall barriers to salmon partway upstream, we found that position above or below the falls and proximity to the stream were the major predictors of songbird abundance. Each species, except for Chestnut-backed Chickadee, had higher densities below the falls at both rivers. Our results suggest that salmon-derived nutrients influence songbird density, and thus benefit multiple trophic levels within riparian ecosystems. La présence du saumon augmente la densité de passereaux près des cours d'eau du nord-ouest du Pacifique
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".