Structural Unfreezing and Endothermic Effects in Liquids, <i>β</i>-<scp>d</scp>-Fructose
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Both structural unfreezing and irreversible endothermic change between different molecular states of a material can occur on heating its liquid state and produce a double sigmoid-shaped endotherm in its apparent heat capacity, C p . In such a case, the usual calorimetry is unable to distinguish between the molecular mechanisms of the two endothermic contributions. We report that this distinction can be made by measuring C p and the complex heat capacity,, simultaneously in a temperature-modulated scanning mode. When a sigmoid-shaped increase is observed in both C p and of a liquid, the underlying process is structural unfreezing. But, when this increase is observed in normal scanning and not in the temperature-modulated mode, the underlying process is either irreversible or too slow, compared to the modulation period. The method has been used for resolving the nature of tautomeric transformation in liquid β - d -fructose. Simultaneous C p and measurements show that, for normal scanning, C p increases in a sigmoid-shaped manner with hysteresis, but for temperature-modulated scanning, the real component of C p does not increase in this manner (i.e., the reversible component of the heat flow shows neither a sigmoid-shaped increase nor hysteresis). Therefore, the sigmoid-shaped C p increase observed in normal scanning indicates an endothermic transformation in the β - d -fructose liquid at T > T g and not unfreezing of tautomeric transformation on the time scale of heating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".