Evaluation of Nonlinear Fracture Relative Permeabilities and Their Impact on Waterfrac Performance in Tight Gas Sands
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents the results of a simulation study to evaluate the effects of gas-water fracture relative permeabilities on post-fracture performance for a well stimulated with a water-frac. More specifically, we investigate the effects of the fracture relative permeability curve shape on both short-term and long-term post-fracture production performance. We utilize a reservoir flow simulator coupled with a geomechanical model which allows us to account for fracture growth during the stimulation treatment and to model realistic fluid distributions in both the reservoir and fracture. We also incorporate new fracture relative (gas-water) permeability data measured in the laboratory for a range of proppant types. Unlike many previous studies that simply assume a linear shape, the new measured fracture relative permeability data are quite non-linear. We compare short-term fracture cleanup and long-term water frac production performance using both the measured non-linear as well as hypothetical linear gas-water fracture relative permeability curves. Generally, the non-linear relative permeability data—combined with low initial absolute fracture conductivities—create very low effective fracture conductivities to gas and cause ineffective fracture cleanup. Although fractures with high absolute conductivities clean up more effectively, we still observe significant residual water saturations—even after several hundred days of production. We also observe differences in the longer-term production performance caused by residual fracture water saturations that are much higher than originally thought. Finally, we assess the effects of relative permeability curve shape on post-fracture diagnostics using pressure transient testing. Evaluation of simulated pressure buildup tests suggests the computed fracture half-lengths are essentially equal to the model inputs, but the computed effective fracture conductivities are much lower.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it