Thermally Forced Convection over a Mountainous Tropical Island
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Observations from the Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) and cloud-resolving numerical simulations are used to study a thermally forced convection event over the Caribbean island of Dominica on 18 April 2011. A clear diurnal cycle of island thermal forcing and cumulus convection was observed, with cumuli initiating over the southwestern flank of the ridge and deepening as they drifted eastward. Apart from errors in cloud fraction and (notably) precipitation, the simulations verified well against the observations, provided horizontal grid spacings of 500 m or less were used. The simulated flows developed an island-scale solenoidal circulation with an organized and intense updraft over the ridge that focused convective initiation. Sensitivity tests investigated the impacts of topographic forcing, subcloud winds, and cloud–radiative feedbacks on the island-scale horizontal inflow and cloud vertical mass flux. These experiments confirmed that thermal forcing drove the island convection and that the inflow and cloud mass flux were maximized under weak ambient cross-island winds. The simulations also indicated that cloud shading and precipitation each reduced the island inflow by ~20% while cloud latent heat release enhanced it by ~20%. However, precipitation caused a much smaller reduction in cloud mass flux (10%) than did cloud shading (50%) owing to effective secondary convective initiation by subcloud cold pools. Thermodynamic heat-engine theory provided accurate predictions of the simulated solenoidal updraft magnitudes in selected cases. It also provided a simple explanation for the weakening of the simulated thermal circulation in the presence of island orography: a shallower mixed layer reduced the efficiency of the thermal circulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".