Buccal spray insulin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the prevoral study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Postprandial hyperglycaemia is a consequence of reduced first phase insulin response and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of treatment with buccal spray insulin (Oral-lyn™, Generex Biotechnology Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: A total of 19 female and 12 male Caucasian subjects, 52.2 ± 13.5 (SD) years old, having a body mass index of 33.1 ± 6 (SD) kg/m² with confirmed IGT were included in the study. Subjects were randomized to take 4, 6 or 12 Oral-lyn puffs (1 puff = 1 s.c. rapid insulin UI) split into two equal doses each, one before and the second 30 min after a standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min afterwards. RESULTS: Glucose fluctuations during OGTT were not modified by 4 or 6 Oral-lyn puffs. Treatment with 12 puffs was followed by 29.6% decrease in plasma glucose at 2 h and 26.8% decrease at 3 h, altogether p = 0.01. Considering all time points of the OGTT, there was a mean reduction of 15.8% in glucose levels. With 6 of the total 12 puffs used in group C there was a significant increase in the insulin levels during OGTT at 30 min (p < 0.04) but not at 2 or 3 h. No hypoglycaemic episodes were observed at any time points of the OGTT. CONCLUSIONS: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that treatment with buccal spray insulin is a simple and valuable therapy for reducing postprandial hyperglycaemia in obese subjects with IGT. Importantly, this treatment is safe and none of the study subjects experienced hypoglycaemia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".