Lateral resistance of bolted wood-to-concrete connections loaded parallel or perpendicular to grain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tests were carried out to determine the lateral resistance of bolted lumber-to-concrete connections. Specimens were made of hemlockfir and sprucepinefir lumber and bolted to concrete blocks using anchor bolts. Three sizes of anchor bolts were used, with nominal diameters of 12.7 mm (1/2 in.), 15.8 mm (5/8 in.), and 19.1 mm (3/4 in.). The minimum strength of the connections loaded parallel to grain with a single bolt exceeds the characteristic strength specified in the 1994 edition of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard O86.1 by a factor of 1.6 for 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) diameter bolts and 2.0 for 19.1 mm (3/4 in.) diameter bolts. Results on connections loaded perpendicular to grain showed that the 5th percentile strength of a connection with a single bolt was greater than the characteristic strength specified in the CSA standard by a factor of 1.42.5. The reasons for this underestimation of the strength values in the standard are attributed to a low estimate of the embedment strengths of wood and concrete, a low estimate of the yield strength of the bolts, and the lack of a design method that accounts for the axial tensioning effect. Changes to the CSA standard O86.1 provisions were proposed and have been accepted to improve the strength predictions of bolted wood-to-concrete connections. The 2001 edition of standard O86.1 reflects those changes.Key words: wood, anchor bolts, concrete, strength, parallel to grain, perpendicular-to-grain embedment, connections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".