Cigarette smoking in patients with systemic sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of cigarette smoking on vascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory outcomes in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Subjects were patients enrolled in the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group cohort. Smoking history was obtained by patient self-report. The effect of smoking was assessed using multiple regression analysis of each SSc clinical outcome of interest (vascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory). Smoking was modeled both as categorical variables (current, past, and never) and using the Comprehensive Smoking Index (CSI), which integrates smoking intensity, duration of smoking, and time since cessation into a single covariate of smoking effect. All regression models were adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, and limited or diffuse skin involvement. RESULTS: This study included 606 patients with SSc, of whom 87% were women and 90% were white, and the mean age was 55 years, mean disease duration was 11 years, and 36% had diffuse disease. Of these patients, 16% were current smokers, 42% were past smokers, and 42% were never smokers. The regression analyses showed that smoking had a significant negative effect on almost all vascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory outcomes. The effects of smoking were in some cases long-lasting (e.g., persistent respiratory abnormalities), and smoking cessation appeared beneficial with respect to some outcomes (e.g., reduced severity of Raynaud's phenomenon). CONCLUSION: Physicians caring for patients with SSc should prioritize smoking cessation as a recommendation to patients, and resources directed to supporting smoking cessation in patients with SSc should be more readily available.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".