Potential oscillations during the electrochemical treatment of white liquor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potential oscillations during the electrochemical treatment of white liquor are reported on. White liquor in the kraft process is composed mainly of sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Cyclic voltammetry, linear galvanic voltammetry, and galvanostatic techniques are used to characterize the behavior of the potential oscillations. The amplitude of the harmonic potential oscillations is between −150 and 750 mV (SCE). The behavior of the potential oscillations strongly depends on the applied current density, temperature, and mass transfer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is employed to study the origin of the oscillations during the electrochemical treatment of the white liquor on the Ti/Ta 2 O 5 -IrO 2 electrodes. Negative faradaic impedance is observed in the potential range of the potential oscillation amplitudes, and equivalent circuits are designed to fit the experimental impedance spectra. The potential oscillations are caused by the synergic effect of sulfur formation/removal and oxygen evolution in the high-potential range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".