Reduced Petal Size and Color Associated with Transitions from Outcrossing to Selfing in<i>Camissoniopsis Cheiranthifolia</i>(Onagraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Floral traits used to attract and reward pollinators should become vestigial during the evolution of self-fertilization from outcrossing due to the reduced fitness benefits of investing in pollinator attraction. However, few traits have been studied, and covariation with outcrossing is rarely evaluated using genetic estimates of the mating system. We examined covariation between petal size and color and genetic estimates of outcrossing among populations of the yellow-flowered, bee-pollinated Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia that exhibit striking variation in the mating system. We measured brightness, chroma, and hue, using a spectrophotometer, and petal size, using image analysis for flowers sampled in the field from 25 populations across the species’ geographic range. Petals were brighter with higher chroma and lower hue (less red) in large-flowered populations than in small-flowered populations. Petal size, brightness, and chroma also correlated positively with the proportion of seeds outcrossed estimated from marker-gene analysis for a subsample of 11 populations. Parallel changes in petal size and color in selfing populations from two climatically different regions plus the maintenance of differences in flower size and color between large- and small-flowered populations when grown in a common glasshouse environment suggests genetic differentiation in these traits associated with mating system evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".