Surface structure of Pd(111) with less than half a monolayer of Zn
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have characterized the structural properties of submonolayer amounts of Zn on Pd(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spot-profile analysis low energy electron diffraction (SPA-LEED). Following room temperature deposition of ≈0.06 monolayers (ML) Zn onto Pd(111), we observe the substitution of Zn for Pd in the surface layer. At ≈0.20 ML of deposited Zn, STM reveals a locally ordered phase with a (2/√3 × 2/√3)R30° unit cell located near Zn substitutions; SPA-LEED patterns reveal the same periodicity. We attribute this phase to the metastable bonding of atoms or clusters predominantly in hollow sites surrounding Zn substitutions in the surface layer. At ≈0.4 ML, STM images reveal local (√3 × √3)R30° and (2 × 1) ordering on surfaces annealed to 350 K. At coverages near 0.5 ML, both STM and SPA-LEED show the onset of the formation of the (2 × 1) ordering associated with the Zn : Pd 1 : 1 alloy phase. At all coverages, the surface is dominated by island growth; the islands' size and density is shown to depend critically on annealing at temperatures as low as 350 K. These results provide insight into the structural features of a Zn/Pd(111) coverage regime that has been much debated in recent years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".