Nearshore currents and turbulent exchange processes during upwelling and downwelling events in Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nearshore circulation and exchange processes during summer stratification and certain episodic events like upwelling and downwelling have been examined using a time series data of horizontal velocity and temperature profiles in Lake Ontario. The primary peak of spectral energy of currents and temperature for the summer season is located at a period of 10–12 days corresponding to the large‐scale response of the lake due to meteorological forcing and the propagation of internal Kelvin waves. A secondary peak of spectral energy of coastal currents is situated near the inertial frequency band. Each upwelling and downwelling episode along the western Lake Ontario has lasted for nearly 4–6 days under the influence of prevailing winds. Currents associated with downwelling cycles are slightly stronger than currents associated with upwelling events. Although the kinetic energy associated with alongshore currents is generally higher, cross‐shore flow exhibited higher energy at middle and lower levels during these episodes. The alongshore horizontal exchange coefficients are generally higher than the cross‐shore component. However, during upwelling episodes, horizontal exchange coefficients are reduced in the surface layers and increased in the bottom layers. Full upwelling events are characterized with weak static stability and reduced vertical current shear in surface layers. Near bottom layers are affected by intense turbulence associated with increased vertical current shear. During downwelling events with migration and intersection of the thermocline with the bottom, vertical exchange coefficients are relatively small due to weak turbulent activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".